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The aim of this session is to introduce the frontiers of the research areas covered by the Atmospheric and Hydrospheric Sciences Section. The lectures will focus on research involving processes that are still unknown. The atmosphere and hydrosphere in the Anthropocene are affected by various human influences in terms of their physical, chemical and biological processes. In this lecture, a topic on the actual state of polar mesospheric clouds will be provided from the field of atmospheric science. Polar mesospheric clouds are the highest clouds on Earth. Those occur at the highest altitudes on Earth. Research attention has been focused on the influence of anthropogenic atmospheric conditions on their occurrence, such as the influence of anthropogenic aerosols and the influence of greenhouse gases on mesospheric temperatures. From the field of marine science, a topic will be provided on the spread of plastic pollution in the ocean. The amount of plastics floating in the ocean, which are feared to have a negative impact on the marine ecosystem, is increasing year by year. In recent years, it has become clear that the oceans around East Asia are a hotspot with a high concentration of floating plastics, and action is beginning to be taken to deal with the problem. From the field of hydrological science, we will provide information on the current situation and predictions of hydrological phenomena that cause disasters due to extreme weather events, which have been increasing in recent years. Using high-resolution experimental data from climate predictions based on global warming scenarios, flood predictions for rivers throughout Japan are being carried out. We look forward to active feedback and discussion from many related researchers.