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The global climate change, especially for global warming is one of the most important issues throughout the Earth and planetary sciences.  To confront this problem, progresses of the observations both for continuous monitoring of the Earth and for the process studies as well as the numerical climate modeling become more important. Aircraft observation has the great advantages on the promptness/timeliness and direct (in-situ) observation which cannot be achieved by Earth observing satellites or ground-based observations.  Recently, the importance of aircraft observation is increasing in "in-situ measurements" such as concentration of greenhouse gases, aerosol and cloud particle size distribution, and chemical composition, and "remote sensing" such as three-dimensional observation of typhoons and observation on forests and vegetation for better understanding of the detailed process of the global warming and its impacts on the global climate and weather.  In addition, the application of aircraft observation including the unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV) to geodesy, studies on earthquakes and volcanos are also progressing.  However, the research aircraft to conduct operational and/or extensive observations to fulfill the requirements not exist in Japan at the present time even though the aircraft observations technologies in Japan have been leading the world.  Under this situation, the Science Council of Japan selected the proposal "Promotion of Scientific Research on Climate and Earth System Sciences Using Aircrafts" as high priority program.  In order to promote more comprehensive/extensive research by the aircraft observations, it is necessary to have close collaborations among researchers. In this session, we will discuss the future promotion of aircraft and UAV observation through the latest research results using aircraft.